Table of Contents
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UNIT ONE |
A NURSE’S
PERSPECTIVE OF PHARMACOLOGY |
1 |
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1 |
Drug Action: Pharmaceutic Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic
Phases |
1 |
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Pharmaceutic Phase |
3 |
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Pharmacokinetic Phase |
3 |
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Pharmacodynamic Phase |
7 |
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Summary |
11 |
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2 |
Nursing Process and Client Teaching |
13 |
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Nursing Process |
13 |
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3 |
Principles of Drug Administration |
22 |
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The “Five-Plus-Five Rights” of
Drug Administration |
23 |
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2007 National Patient Safety
Goals |
28 |
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Disposal of Medications |
30 |
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Additional Safety Risks for Safe
Medicine Administration |
30 |
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Medication Self-Administration |
30 |
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Special Considerations: Factors
That Modify Drug Response |
31 |
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Guidelines for Drug
Administration |
31 |
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Forms and Routes for Drug
Administration |
31 |
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Nursing Implications for
Administration of Parenteral
Medications |
42 |
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Developmental Needs of Pediatric
Clients |
42 |
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Technologic Advances |
43 |
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UNIT TWO |
MEDICATIONS AND
CALCULATIONS |
45 |
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4 |
Medications and Calculations |
46 |
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Section 4A |
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Systems of Measurement with
Conversion |
46 |
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Metric System |
47 |
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Apothecary System |
48 |
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Household System |
49 |
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Conversion among the Metric
Apothecary and Household Systems |
50 |
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Section 4B |
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Methods for Calculation |
53 |
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Interpreting Oral and Injectable Drug
Labels |
53 |
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Method I: Basic Formula (BF) |
55 |
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Method 2: Ratio and Proportion
(RP) |
56 |
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Method 3: Fractional Equation
(FE) |
56 |
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Method 4: Dimensional Analysis
(DA) |
57 |
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Method 5: Body Weight (BW) |
58 |
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Method 6: Body Surface Area (BSA) |
59 |
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Section 4C |
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Calculations of Oral Dosages |
67 |
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Tablets Capsules and Liquids |
68 |
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Interpreting Oral Drug Labels |
68 |
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Drug Differentiation |
69 |
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Calculation for Tablet Capsule
and Liquid Doses |
69 |
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Body Weight and Body Surface Area |
74 |
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Drugs Administered via the Nasogastric Tube |
74 |
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Section 4D |
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Calculations of Injectable
Dosages |
75 |
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Injectable Preparations |
76 |
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Vials and Ampules |
76 |
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Syringes |
76 |
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Interpreting
Injectable Drug Labels |
80 |
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Intradermal Injections |
81 |
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Subcutaneous Injections |
81 |
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Insulin Injections |
82 |
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Intramuscular Injections |
86 |
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Section 4E |
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Calculations of Intravenous
Fluids |
94 |
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Continuous Intravenous
Administration |
94 |
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Intermittent Intravenous
Administration |
98 |
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Secondary Intravenous Sets
without IV Pumps |
98 |
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Intermittent Infusion
Adapters/Devices |
99 |
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Direct Intravenous Injections |
99 |
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Electronic Intravenous Regulators |
100 |
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Patient-Controlled Analgesia |
101 |
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Calculating Flow Rates for
Intravenous Drugs |
102 |
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Section 4F |
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Pediatric Drug Calculations |
108 |
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Oral |
109 |
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Intramuscular |
109 |
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Pediatric Dosage per Body Weight |
110 |
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Pediatric Dosage per Body
Surface Area |
111 |
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Pediatric Calculations for Injectables |
114 |
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UNIT THREE |
CONTEMPORARY
ISSUES IN PHARMACOLOGY |
119 |
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5 |
The Drug Approval Process |
120 |
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Drug Standards and Legislation |
121 |
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Nurse Practice Acts |
123 |
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Canadian Drug Regulation |
123 |
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Initiatives to Combat Drug
Counterfeiting |
124 |
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Drug Names |
124 |
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Drug Resources |
125 |
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Food and Drug Administration
Pregnancy Categories |
125 |
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Poison Control Centers |
125 |
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Ethical Considerations |
126 |
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International Issues |
126 |
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6 |
Transcultural and Genetic Considerations |
128 |
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The Purnell Model for Cultural
Competence |
129 |
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The Domains of Culture |
129 |
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7 |
Drug Interactions and Over-the-Counter Drugs |
137 |
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Drug Interaction |
138 |
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Drug-Food Interactions |
141 |
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Drug-Laboratory Interactions |
142 |
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Drug-Induced Photosensitivity |
142 |
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Over-the-Counter Drugs |
144 |
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8 |
Drugs of Abuse |
149 |
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The Context of Drug Abuse |
150 |
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Neurobiology of Addictive States |
150 |
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Overview of Addictive States |
150 |
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Stimulants |
152 |
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Depressants |
158 |
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Other Drugs of Abuse |
163 |
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Special Needs of Drug-Abusing
Clients |
165 |
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Chemical Impairment in Nurses |
165 |
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Summary |
166 |
|
9 |
Herbal Therapy with Nursing Implications |
169 |
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Herbal Monographs |
171 |
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Dietary Supplement Health and
Education Act of 1994 |
171 |
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Proposed Standards |
171 |
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Herbal Preparations |
171 |
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Commonly Used Herbal Remedies |
172 |
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Using Herbs to Treat Selected
Common Ailments |
174 |
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Potential Hazards of Herbs |
174 |
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Tips for Consumers and Health
Care Providers |
184 |
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Herbal Resources |
184 |
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Summary |
186 |
|
10 |
Pediatric Pharmacology |
187 |
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Pharmacokinetics |
188 |
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Pharmacodynamics |
190 |
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Nursing Implications |
190 |
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Nursing Process |
193 |
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Considerations for the Adolescent |
193 |
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11 |
Geriatric Pharmacology |
197 |
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Physiologic Changes |
198 |
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Polypharmacy |
198 |
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Pharmacokinetics |
199 |
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Pharmacodynamics |
200 |
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Effects of Selected Drug Groups
on Older Adults |
201 |
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Noncompliance/Nonadherence |
202 |
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Health Teaching with the Older
Adult |
204 |
|
12 |
Medication Administration in Community Settings |
207 |
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Client Teaching |
208 |
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Community-Based Settings |
210 |
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Summary |
214 |
|
13 |
The Role of the Nurse in Drug Research |
216 |
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Basic Ethical Principles |
217 |
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Objectives and Phases of Human
Clinical Experimentation |
218 |
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Recent Developments and What Is
on the Horizon |
220 |
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UNIT FOUR |
NUTRITION AND
ELECTROLYTES |
223 |
|
14 |
Vitamin and Mineral Replacement |
224 |
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Vitamins |
224 |
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Minerals |
234 |
|
15 |
Fluid and Electrolyte Replacement |
238 |
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Body Fluids |
239 |
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Fluid Replacement |
240 |
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Electrolytes |
241 |
|
16 |
Nutritional Support |
254 |
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Enteral Nutrition |
255 |
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Parenteral Nutrition |
259 |
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Transitional Feeding: Parenteral to Enteral |
262 |
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UNIT FIVE |
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS
SYSTEM AGENTS |
263 |
|
17 |
Adrenergics and Adrenergic Blockers |
267 |
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Adrenergics |
268 |
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Adrenergic Blockers (Antagonists) |
275 |
|
18 |
Cholinergics and Anticholinergics |
281 |
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Cholinergics |
282 |
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Anticholinergics |
286 |
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UNIT SIX |
NEUROLOGIC AND
NEUROMUSCULAR AGENTS |
295 |
|
19 |
Central Nervous System Stimulants |
298 |
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Pathophysiology |
299 |
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Amphetamines |
299 |
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Anorexiants |
302 |
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Analeptics |
302 |
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Respiratory Central Nervous
System Stimulant |
302 |
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Headaches: Migraine and Cluster |
304 |
|
20 |
Central Nervous System Depressants |
307 |
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Types and Stages of Sleep |
308 |
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Nonpharmacologic Methods |
308 |
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Sedative-Hypnotics |
309 |
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Anesthetics |
315 |
|
21 |
Anticonvulsants |
321 |
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International Classification of
Seizures |
322 |
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Anticonvulsants |
322 |
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Summary |
330 |
|
22 |
Drugs for Neurologic Disorders: Parkinsonism
and Alzheimer’s Disease |
331 |
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|
Parkinsonism |
332 |
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Alzheimer’s Disease |
339 |
|
23 |
Drugs for Neuromuscular Disorders: Myasthenia
Gravis Multiple Sclerosis and Muscle Spasms |
344 |
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Myasthenia Gravis |
345 |
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Multiple Sclerosis |
348 |
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Skeletal Muscle Relaxants |
348 |
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UNIT SEVEN |
PAIN AND
INFLAMMATION MANAGEMENT AGENTS |
353 |
|
24 |
Antiinflammatory Drugs |
355 |
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Pathophysiology |
356 |
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Anti inflammatory Agents |
356 |
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Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs |
356 |
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Corticosteroids |
365 |
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Disease-Modifying Anti rheumatic
Drugs |
365 |
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Antigout Drugs |
369 |
|
25 |
Nonopioid and Opioid Analgesics |
373 |
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Pathophysiology |
374 |
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Nonopioid Analgesics |
375 |
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Opioid Analgesics |
379 |
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Adjuvant Therapy |
386 |
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Tretament for Opioid-Addicted Individuals |
386 |
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Opioid Agonist-Antagonists |
386 |
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Opioid Antagonists |
389 |
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UNIT EIGHT |
PSYCHIATRIC AGENTS |
391 |
|
26 |
Anti psychotics and Anxiolytics |
393 |
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Psychosis |
394 |
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|
Antipsychotic Agents |
394 |
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Anxiolytics |
403 |
|
27 |
Antidepressants and Mood Stabilizers |
408 |
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Depression |
409 |
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Antidepressant Agents |
409 |
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Mood Stabilizers |
417 |
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UNIT NINE |
ANTIBACTERIAL
AGENTS |
421 |
|
28 |
Penicillins and Cephalosporins |
422 |
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Pathophysiology |
422 |
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|
Antibacterial Drugs |
423 |
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Penicillins and Cephalosporins |
436 |
|
29 |
Macrolides Tetracyclines Aminoglycosides, and Fluoroquinolones |
437 |
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Macrolides Lincosamides Vancomycin and Ketolides |
438 |
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|
Tetracyclines |
442 |
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Glycylcyclines |
445 |
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Aminoglycosides |
445 |
|
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Fluoroquinolones (Quinolones) |
448 |
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Lipopeptides |
451 |
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|
Unclassified Antibacterial Drugs |
451 |
|
30 |
Sulfonamides |
453 |
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Sulfonamides |
453 |
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UNIT TEN |
ANTIINFECTIVE
AGENTS |
459 |
|
31 |
Antituberculars Antifungals Peptides and Metronidazole |
460 |
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|
Tuberculosis |
461 |
|
|
Antitubercular Drugs |
461 |
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Antifungal Drugs |
465 |
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Peptides |
470 |
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Metronidazole |
471 |
|
32 |
Antivirals Antimalarials, and Anthelmintics |
473 |
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|
Viruses |
473 |
|
|
Vaccines |
474 |
|
|
Diagnostic Tests for Influenza |
474 |
|
|
Antiviral Non-HIV Drugs |
474 |
|
|
Antiviral HIV Drugs |
479 |
|
|
Antimalarial Drugs |
479 |
|
|
Anthelmintic Drugs |
482 |
|
33 |
Drugs for Urinary Tract Disorders |
485 |
|
|
Urinary Antiseptics/Antiinfectives
and Antibiotics |
486 |
|
|
Urinary Analgesics |
490 |
|
|
Urinary Stimulants |
490 |
|
|
Urinary Antispasmodics/Antimuscarinics |
491 |
|
|
Unit Eleven Immunologic Agents |
493 |
|
34 |
HIV- and AIDS-Related Drugs |
496 |
|
|
Pathology |
497 |
|
|
Classification |
497 |
|
|
Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests |
497 |
|
|
HIV Life Cycle |
499 |
|
|
Indications for Antiretroviral
Therapy |
499 |
|
|
Antiretroviral Therapy |
500 |
|
|
Adherence to Drug Regimen |
511 |
|
|
Opportunistic Infections |
51 I |
|
|
End-Stage AIDS |
512 |
|
|
Antiretroviral Therapy in
Pregnancy |
512 |
|
|
Postexposure Prophylaxis for Health Care
Workers |
512 |
|
|
The Future of HIV/AIDS-Related
Agents |
513 |
|
35 |
Vaccines |
515 |
|
|
Active Immunity |
516 |
|
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Passive Immunity |
516 |
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|
Vaccine-Preventable Diseases |
516 |
|
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Childhood Immunizations |
516 |
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|
Adult Immunizations |
519 |
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Immunizations before Foreign
Travel |
519 |
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|
Reporting of Diseases and
Adverse Reactions |
519 |
|
|
Varicella Vaccine |
520 |
|
|
Recent Developments and the
Future of Vaccines |
522 |
|
UNIT TWELVE |
ANTINEOPLASTIC
AGENTS |
525 |
|
36 |
Anticancer Drugs |
526 |
|
|
Genetic Infective Environmental
and Dietary Influences |
528 |
|
|
Cell-Cycle Nonspecific and
Specific Anticancer Drugs |
530 |
|
|
Cancer Chemotherapy |
530 |
|
|
Alkylating Drugs |
535 |
|
|
Antimetabolites |
539 |
|
|
Antitumor Antibiotics |
543 |
|
|
Miotic Inhibitors (Plan Alkaloids) |
546 |
|
|
Targeted Therapies |
550 |
|
|
Liposomal Chemotherapy |
550 |
|
|
Hormonal Agents |
550 |
|
|
Miscellaneous Chemotherapy Agents |
551 |
|
|
Biotherapy Agents |
551 |
|
|
Summary |
551 |
|
37 |
Targeted Therapies to Treat Cancer |
556 |
|
|
Topoisomerase I and II Inhibitors |
557 |
|
|
Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (Small Molecule) |
557 |
|
|
Proteasome Inhibitors |
562 |
|
|
Multikinase Inhibitors (MKIs) |
562 |
|
|
Angiogenesis Inhibitors |
564 |
|
|
Monoclonal Antibodies |
566 |
|
|
Summary |
568 |
|
38 |
Biologic Response Modifiers |
570 |
|
|
Interferons |
571 |
|
|
Colony-Stimulating Factors |
574 |
|
|
lnterleukin-2 |
582 |
|
|
Keratinocyte Growth Factor |
584 |
|
|
Monoclonal Antibodies |
585 |
|
|
Summary |
587 |
|
UNIT THIRTEEN |
RESPIRATORY AGENTS |
589 |
|
39 |
Drugs for Upper Respiratory Disorders |
591 |
|
|
Common Cold Acute Rhinitis and
Allergic Rhinitis |
592 |
|
|
Sinusitis |
600 |
|
|
Acute Pharyngitis |
600 |
|
40 |
Drugs for Lower Respiratory Disorders |
601 |
|
|
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary
Disease |
602 |
|
|
Sympathomimetics: Alpha- and Beta2-Adrenergic
Agonists |
603 |
|
|
Anticholinergics |
607 |
|
|
Methylxanthine (Xanthine) Derivatives |
607 |
|
|
Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists and
Synthesis Inhibitors |
612 |
|
|
Glucocorticoids (Steroids) |
613 |
|
|
Cromolyn and Nedocromil |
614 |
|
|
Drug Therapy for Asthma
According to Severity |
614 |
|
|
Drug Therapy for Asthma
According to Age |
616 |
|
|
Mucolytics |
616 |
|
|
Antimicrobials |
616 |
|
UNIT FOURTEEN |
CARDIOVASCULAR
AGENTS |
619 |
|
41 |
Cardiac Glycosides Antianginals and Antidysrhythmics |
622 |
|
|
Cardiac Glycosides |
623 |
|
|
Other Agents Used to Treat Heart
Failure |
627 |
|
|
Antianginal Drugs |
628 |
|
|
Antidysrhythmic Drugs |
634 |
|
42 |
Diuretics |
642 |
|
|
Thiazides and Thiazide-Like Diuretics |
644 |
|
|
Loop (High-Ceiling Diuretics) |
648 |
|
|
Osmotic Diuretics |
651 |
|
|
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors |
652 |
|
|
Potassium-Sparing Diuretics |
652 |
|
43 |
Antihypertensives |
656 |
|
|
Hypertension |
657 |
|
|
Cultural Responses to
Antihypertensive Agents |
657 |
|
|
Hypertension in Older Adults |
658 |
|
|
Nonpharmacologic Control of Hypertension |
658 |
|
|
Guidelines for Hypertension |
658 |
|
|
Pharmacologic Control of
Hypertension |
658 |
|
44 |
Anticoagulants Antiplatelets and Thrombolytics |
676 |
|
|
Pathophysiology: Thrombus Formation |
677 |
|
|
Anticoagulants |
677 |
|
|
Antiplatelet Drugs |
683 |
|
|
Thrombolytics |
686 |
|
45 |
Antilipidemics and Peripheral Vasodilators |
690 |
|
|
Lipoproteins |
690 |
|
|
Apolipoproteins |
691 |
|
|
Nonpharmacologic Methods for Cholesterol
Reduction |
691 |
|
|
Antilipidemics |
692 |
|
|
Peripheral Vasodilators |
697 |
|
UNIT FIFTEEN |
GASTROINTESTINAL
AGENTS |
701 |
|
46 |
Drugs for Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders |
703 |
|
|
Vomiting |
703 |
|
|
Emetics |
710 |
|
|
Diarrhea |
710 |
|
|
Constipation |
714 |
|
47 |
Antiulcer Drugs |
722 |
|
|
Predisposing Factors in Peptic
Ulcer Disease |
723 |
|
|
Nonpharmacologic Measures for Managing Peptic
Ulcer and Gastroesophageal
Reflux Disease |
724 |
|
|
Antiulcer Drugs |
726 |
|
UNIT SIXTEEN |
EYE EAR AND SKIN
AGENTS |
737 |
|
48 |
Drugs for Disorders of the Eye and Ear |
740 |
|
|
Drugs for Disorders of the Eye |
741 |
|
|
Drugs for Disorders of the Ear |
752 |
|
49 |
Drugs for Dermatologic Disorders |
756 |
|
|
Acne Vulgaris |
757 |
|
|
Psoriasis |
760 |
|
|
Verruca Vulgaris (Warts) |
762 |
|
|
Drug-Induced Dermatitis |
762 |
|
|
Contact Dermatitis |
763 |
|
|
Hair Loss and Baldness |
763 |
|
|
Sunscreens |
763 |
|
|
Burns and Burn Preparations |
765 |
|
UNIT SEVENTEEN |
ENDOCRINE AGENTS |
769 |
|
50 |
Endocrine Drugs: Pituitary Thyroid, Parathyroid
and Adrenal Disorders |
772 |
|
|
Pituitary Gland |
773 |
|
|
Thyroid Gland |
777 |
|
|
Parathyroid Glands |
781 |
|
|
Adrenal Glands |
783 |
|
51 |
Antidiabetics |
789 |
|
|
Diabetes Mellitus |
790 |
|
UNIT EIGHTEEN |
REPRODUCTIVE AND
GENDER-RELATED AGENTS |
805 |
|
52 |
Female Reproductive Cycle I: Pregnancy and
Preterm Labor Drugs |
809 |
|
|
Physiology of Pregnancy |
810 |
|
|
Therapeutic Drug and Herbal Use
in Pregnancy |
811 |
|
|
Drugs that Decrease Uterine
Muscle Contractility |
819 |
|
|
Corticosteroid Therapy in
Preterm Labor |
822 |
|
|
Drugs for Gestational
Hypertension |
824 |
|
53 |
Female Reproductive Cycle II: Labor, Delivery and
Preterm Neonatal Drugs |
830 |
|
|
Drugs for Pain Control during
Labor |
831 |
|
|
Drugs that Enhance Uterine
Muscle Contractility |
846 |
|
|
Surfactant Therapy in Preterm
Birth |
852 |
|
54 |
Postpartum and Newborn Drugs |
856 |
|
|
Drugs Used during the Postpartum
Period |
857 |
|
|
Immunizations |
866 |
|
|
Drugs Administered to the
Newborn Immediately After Delivery |
870 |
|
55 |
Drugs for Women’s Health and Reproductive
Disorders |
876 |
|
|
Oral Contraceptive Products |
877 |
|
|
Other Methods of Contraception |
883 |
|
|
Emergency Contraception |
884 |
|
|
Drugs Used to Treat Hormone
Dysfunction |
886 |
|
|
Osteoporosis |
894 |
|
56 |
Drugs for Men’s Health and Reproductive Disorders |
898 |
|
|
Substances Related to Male Reporductive
Disorders |
899 |
|
57 |
Drugs for Infertility and Sexually Transmitted
Diseases |
909 |
|
|
Drugs Related to Infertility
Treatment |
910 |
|
|
Drugs Used in-the Treatment of
Sexually Transmitted |
|
|
|
Diseases |
914 |
|
|
Summary |
920 |
|
|
Unit Nineteen Emergency Agents |
923 |
|
58 |
Adult and Pediatric Emergency Drugs |
924 |
|
|
Oxygen as an Emergency Drug |
925 |
|
|
Emergency Drugs for Cardiac
Disorders |
925 |
|
|
Emergency Drugs for
Neurosurgical Disorders |
931 |
|
|
Emergency Drugs for Poisoning |
933 |
|
|
Emergency Drugs for Shock |
935 |
|
|
Emergency Drugs for Hypertensive
Crises and Pulmonary Edema |
938 |
|
|
APPENDIXES |
|
|
A |
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) |
943 |
|
B |
Potential Weapons of Bioterrorism |
947 |
|
|
References |
949 |
|
|
Index |
957 |
|
|
|
|